From Plassey to Buxur
Economic
Development of Bengal:
The
English East India Company earned huge profit from the growth of export trade
of Bengal in textiles. Also profit derived from the triangular trade between
India, China and Britain built up the importance of Bengal, particularly
Calcutta as a trading centre. Professor Sushil Chaudhury and Om Prakash have
shown in their researches that between 1690 and 1740 the East India Company
made huge investment in Bengal. Thus from the end of the seventeenth century
till mid-eighteenth century Bengal's economy showed a spectacular advancement.
Grant of
Mughal Farman 1717
In 1717, The Mughal Emperor Farrukhsher issued a farman.
It gave the English East India Company the right to reside and trade
in the Mughal Empire. They were allowed to duty free trade, except for a yearly
payment of 3,000 rupees. The Farman enabled the East India Company to (i)
acquire Zamindari rights of some villages, (ii) issue Dastak (pass) for the
movement of the company’s goods, (iii) minting coins,(iv) fortifying Calcutta
etc. This Farman was issued because of William Hamilton, a surgeon, who cured
Farrukhsher of a disease. The issue of misuse of Dastak by company
officials for personal gain became the bone of contention between the Nawab of
Bengal and the East India Company.
Political
Weakness of Bengal:
Along
with the political weakness of India, the new merchant community in Bengal
became eager to acquire political power. The Nawab of Bengal became virtually
independent of the Mughal central control from the time of Murshid Quli Khan
(1717). The system of 'checks and balance in the administration of the Mughal
days was no longer there. At the Nawab's court in Murshidabad there had already
emerged groups of dissatisfied merchants, bankers and powerful zamindars. These
were dissatisfied because they felt threatened by the assertion of independence
by the new Nawab, Sirajuddaulah. There was also enough rivalry amongst the
dissatisfied groups. The English merchants took full advantage of the factional
politics at the Nawab's court.
Fall of
Calcutta:
After
the death of Alivardi Khan, his grandson, Sirajuddaulah (son of his younger
daughter Amina Begum), became the new Nawab of Bengal (1756). Siraj's relation
with the English was bitter from the very beginning. Some members of Siraj's family
were also jealous of him and did not like to see him as the Nawab of Bengal.
Meanwhile the English had undertaken the repair of the Fort William. The
fortress built by the English in Calcutta (1696) in violation of the Nawabs
order. Siraj was also annoyed by the news that the English had sheltered
Krishnaballav, an agent of Ghasiti Begum, who was a sworn enemy of Siraj. Siraj
thereupon ordered the English to surrender Krishnadas to him. On refusal of the
English to obey the order Siraj proceeded towards Calcutta with his army. Siraj
could occupy Calcutta without much difficulty (16 June 1756). A good number of
Englishmen and women fled away and took shelter at Fulta. This was the fall of
Calcutta.
The
Battle of Plassey (Palashi):
After
the fall of Calcutta the English did not take much time to recover their
position. They forced Siraj to sign the Treaty of Alinagar (Feb 1757). But the
treaty could not ensure peace between Siraj and the English. Rather the
relation between the two deteriorated after the battle. With these fateful
facts the causes of the battle of Palashi may be discussed.
Causes
of the Battle of Plassey:
The
Treaty of Alinagar was an empty truce between the English and Siraj. For the
treaty did not bring about any change in the attitude of both the parties.
Moreover, the reasons why Siraj invaded Calcutta persisted even after the
treaty. Thus there was no improvement of relations between the English and the
Nawab of Bengal. Rather it deteriorated further.
Several
causes accounted for the rupture of relations between Sirajuddowla and the
English. Accession of Siraj as the Nawab of Bengal was not to the liking of the
British. That is the reason why the English, unlike other East India Company
did not send gifts to the new nawab on his coronation. This was not taken by
Sirai very lightly.
Apprehending
an attack by the French the English in Calcutta undertook repair of the Fort
William. This was done in total violation of the Nawab's directive that the
English should not make any addition, alteration or reinforce the fort without
prior permission of the Nawab. Obviously, this was a cause of concern for the
Nawab Sirajuddowla.
Battle
of Buxar (1764):
Mir
Qasim to oust the British of Bengal made an alliance with the Nawab
Shujaudaulah of Oadh, and Shah Alam II- the Mughal Emperor. The combined forces
of the three proceeded towards Bihar. After a series of undecided engagements
the two armies, the English army and the combined forces, met at Buxar in
October 1764. In the decisive battle the English under the general Hector
Munroe won the day. Mir Kasim and his combined forces were completely defeated.
Significance
of the Battle of Buxar:
The
Battle of Buxar fought between the English and the confederate army under the
leadership of Mir Kasim was of utmost importance not only in the history of
Bengal but also of India. The importance may be summed up as follows.
(i) The
battle of Buxar completed what had begun in Palashi. It finally engrossed the
shackles of the Company's rule upon Bengal.
(ii) The
defeat in the battle once again proved beyond doubt the military superiority of
the English and the inherent weakness of the native army.
(iii) The
battle brought an end to the rule of independent Nawab of Bengal. Incidentally,
Mir Kasim is regarded as the last independent Nawab of Bengal.
(iv) Henceforth
there was no question of Nawab's opposition to the English. The Nawab of Bengal
henceforth was a mere puppet at the hands of the English. As he had no
independent power the question of his opposing the English did not arise.
(v) Victory
of the English in the battle of Buxar paved the way for the grant of Diwani to
the English East India Company by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
Results
of the Battle of Buxar:
Results
of the Battle of Buxar were many as they were varied. The battle not only
announced the defeat of Mir Kasim but that of the Mughal Emperor and the Nawab
of Oudh. The battle of Buxar once again proved the military superiority of the
British. At the defeat of the confederate army Sujauddaulah of Oudh lost his
kingdom. Totally dejected Mr. Kasim left Rohikhand and lived a wretched life
till his death in 1777. With the defeat of Mir Kasim ended the independent
Nawabship of Bengal. No Nawab after him could dare fight against the English by
organizinng an army as was done by Mir Kasim.
Situation
in Bengal after the Battle of Buxar:
After
the defeat of the confederate army under the command of Mir Kasim a new
situation showed up in Bengal. Mir Kasim was no longer in the picture. Robert
Clive came to terms with the Nawab of Oudh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
Clive agreed to handover Kara and Allahabad to Shah Alam II. In return Shah
Alam II agreed on his part to grant the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa to the English East India Company on condition of an annual payment of
26 lakhs of rupees to the Mughal Emperor.
What is
Diwani?
From the
Mughal days the administration of a province (or subha) constituted of two
parts, namely Diwani or civil administration and Faujdari or criminal
administration. Diwani included collection of revenue as also civil justice.
Grant of
Diwani to the East India Company:
Robert
Clive received the Grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal
Emperor on 12 August 1765. In lieu of this the East India Company was to pay a
sum of Rupees 26 Lakh per annum. The grant itself was meaningless as in the
meanwhile Bengal virtually had become independent of the Emperor. But it suited
Clive, for, he knew that English had the strength to enforce it and the Nawab
of Bengal was powerless to resist it.
Importance
of the Grant of Diwani:
In 1765,
the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam Il granted the diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa to the English East India Company on an annual payment of twenty-six
lakh of rupees. Robert Clive, on behalf of the English East India Company
received the grant of diwani from Shah Alam II. The importance of the grant of
diwani lies in the following.
1. Prior
to this there was no legal recognition of the authority of the East India
Company over the Nawab of Bengal. The company had been enjoying the political
and economic rights forcibly. But with the grant of diwani the Company's rights
were now established on a legal basis.
2. Since
the English now came to control the finance of Bengal they no longer had to
depend on the supply of money from England for trade in India.
3. After
the Company had received the Grant of Diwani the treasury of Bengal came under
the total control of the English. As a result there started a continuous drain
of wealth from Bengal. Consequently, the people of Bengal became poorer day by
day.
4. Under
the Company there was a tremendous hike in the revenue demand.
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Multiple Choice
Questions
(i) When was the Mughal Farman granted to the East India Company?
(a) 1715 (b) 1716 (c)
1717 (d) 1718
(ii) The Farman was granted by the
(a) Farruksher (b)
Serajudaulah (c) Shah Alam (d)
None
(iii) Who laid the foundation of Nawabship in Bengal
(a) Alivardi (b)
Serajudaulah (c) Shah Alam (d)
Murshid Quli
(iv) When Serajudaulah became the Nawab of Bengal
(a) 1755 (b) 1756 (c)
1760 (d) 1762
(v) Serajudaulah was the Grandson of the Nawab
(a) Alivardi (b) Serajudaulah (c) Shah Alam (d) Murshid Quli
(a) 16
June 1756 (b) 16 July 1756 (c) 16 June 1757 (d) 16 July 1757
(vii) Who plotted the Blackhole tragedy against Nawab Serajudaulah?
(a) Blackwell (b) Maxwell (c) Robert Clive (d)
Holwell
(viii) The Treaty of Alinagar was signed on
(a) Feb
1758 (b) March 1758 (c)
Feb 1757 (d) March
1757
(ix) The Treaty of Alinagar was signed between
(a) Mir Qasim
and EIC (b) Seraj and the EIC (c) Mir Jafer and the EIC (d) None
(x)
The battle of Plassey took place in
(a) 1755 (b)
1756 (c) 1757 (d) 1758
(xi) Who became the Nawab of
Bengal after the battle of Plassey?
(a) Mir Qasim (b) Mir Jafer (c) Shujaudaulah (d) None
(xii) When did the battle of
Buxur fight?
(a)
1756 (b) 1757 (c) 1764 (d)
1765
(xiii)
The General played important role in the
battles of Plassey and Buxur.
(a) Robert
Clive (b) Robert Munro (c) Hastings (d) Levis
(xiv) Who was the first Governor
of Bengal -
(a) Robert Clive (b) Robert Munro
(c) Hastings (d) Levis
(xv) The EIC received the
Rights of Diwani in the year.
(a) 1756 (b)
1757 (c) 1764 (d) 1765
(xii) Who granted the rights of
Diwani to EIC.
(a)
Alivardi (b) Serajudaulah (c) Shah AlamII (d) Murshid Quli
Q1: When and by whom was the Farman issued?
Ans: The Mughal Emperor Farukhsher had issued the
farman in 1717 to the East India Company.
Q2: What
was Farruksher Farman?
Ans: The Farukhsher Farman allowed in Bengal to the
English East India
Company duty free trade, except for a yearly payment of 3,000 rupees. The
Farman also enabled the Company to (i) acquire Zamindari rights of some
villages, (ii) issue Dastak, (iii) minting coins, and (iv) fortifying Calcutta.
Q3: What was Dastak?
Ans. According to the Farman of
1717, The Superintendent of the English Factory allowed to issue Dastak. It was
a pass for the movement of Company’s goods.
Q4: When
and between whom was the battle of Plassey fought?
Ans:
Battle of Plassey or Palashi took place between British East India Company and
the Nawab of Bengal. The battle took place on June 23, 1757.
Q5: What
do you understand by the ‘Plassey Plunder'? (Drain of Wealth)
Ans. In
the post-Palashi period the English drained wealth out of Bengal that her
economy was completely shattered. This is known as the drain of wealth (Plassey
Plunder) and it completely shattered the economy of Bengal.
Q6: When
and between whom was the Treaty of Alinagar signed? [H.S.2016]
Ans. The
Treaty of Alinagar was signed in 1757 between Nawab Sirajuddaulah of Bengal and
the East India Company.
Q7: What
is the Black Hole Tragedy?
Ans:
Black Hole Tragedy of Calcutta was of an incident on June 20, 1756, in which a
number of Europeans were imprisoned in Calcutta (now Kolkata) and many died.
Q8: When
and between whom was the Battle of Buxar fought?
Ans: In
1764, The battle of Buxur was fought between an Indian alliance of Bahadur
Shah, Sujauddaula and Mir Kasim and on the other hand the British.
Q9: Who
granted the Diwani to East India Company and when?
Ans: The
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Odissa to
the East India Company in 1765.
Q10:
What was Diwani?
Ans: From
the Mughal days the administration of a province (or subha) constituted of two
parts, namely Diwani or civil administration and Faujdari or criminal
administration. Diwani included collection of revenue as also civil justice.
Descriptive type Question
Q1: Compare
the consequences of Battles of the Plassey and the Buxur.
Ans: The
battle of Plassey was fought between the Nawab of Bengal and the East India
Company. It was fought in the year 1757. This battle was more a skirmish rather
than a contesting war. Clive did not encounter any challenge from Siraj's side.
Yet it is one of the most important battles ever fought in India.
(a) The
Plassey confirmed the superiority of the English soldiers and brought to the
fore the weakness of the natives.
(b) The
battle of Palashi was a grand diplomatic victory of Clive.
(c) The
English become virtually the master of Bengal after their victory in this
battle. The Nawab of Bengal became eventually a puppet in their hands.
(d)
During the post-Palashi period the English drained so much of wealth out of Bengal
that her economy was completely shattered. This drain of wealth from Bengal is
known as the 'Palashi Plunder'.
(e) The
political significance of the battle of Palashi is no less important. With the
wealth thus plundered the English not only had done business, they also waged
war and won battles.
(f) It
has been pointed out by Professor Sushil Chaudhury that the provision of the
treaty signed between the English and Mir Jafar after Palashi, was that the
enemies of the enemies of the English were to be treated by Mr. Jafar as his enemies
as well.
To oust the
British, the Nawab of Bengal (Mir Qasim) started preparing to fight. He made a
grand alliance with Nawab of Oadh Shujaudaulah and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam
II. In 1764, the grand alliance challenged the East India Company at the battle
of Buxur. In this battle the East India Company came out victories. The battle of Buxar
was more decisive in result than the Battle of Plassey, with even more
significant consequences.
(i)
After Buxar, the English power in Northern
India became unchallengeable.
(ii)
The battle of Buxar completed what had begun
in Palashi. It finally engrossed the shackles of the Company's rule upon
Bengal.
(i)
The defeat in the battle once again proved
beyond doubt the military superiority of the English and the inherent weakness
of the native army.
(ii)
The battle brought an end to the rule of
independent Nawab of Bengal. Incidentally, Mir Kasim is regarded as the last
independent Nawab of Bengal.
(iii)
Henceforth there was no question of Nawab's
opposition to the English. The Nawab of Bengal henceforth was a mere puppet at
the hands of the English. As he had no independent power the question of his
opposing the English did not arise.
(iv)
Victory of the English in the battle of Buxar
paved the way for the grant of Diwani to the English East India Company by the
Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II(1765).
Conclusion
If the Battle of Plassey had made the English a
powerful factor in the politics of Bengal, the victory of Buxar made them a
great power of North India. They became the real contenders for the supremacy
of the whole country.
Hindi Version
Answer in one or two sentences
Q1: When and by whom was the Farman issued?
उत्तर: मुगल सम्राट फारुखशेर ने 1717 में ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को फरमान जारी किया था।
Q2: What
was Farruksher Farman?
उत्तर: फारुखशेर फरमान ने बंगाल में अंग्रेजी ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को 3,000 रुपये के वार्षिक भुगतान को छोड़कर शुल्क मुक्त व्यापार की अनुमति दी। फरमान ने कंपनी को (i) कुछ गांवों के जमींदारी अधिकार हासिल करने, (ii) दस्तक जारी करने, (iii) सिक्कों की ढलाई, और (iv) कलकत्ता को मजबूत करने में सक्षम बनाया।
Q3: What was Dastak?
उत्तर। 1717 के फरमान के अनुसार, अंग्रेजी कारखाने के अधीक्षक ने दस्तक जारी करने की अनुमति दी। यह कंपनी के माल की आवाजाही के लिए एक पास था।
Q4: When
and between whom was the battle of Plassey fought?
उत्तर: प्लासी या पलाशी की लड़ाई ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी और बंगाल के नवाब के बीच हुई थी। लड़ाई 23 जून, 1757 को हुई थी।
Q5: What
do you understand by the ‘Plassey Plunder'? (Drain of Wealth)
उत्तर। पलाशी के बाद के काल में अंग्रेजों ने बंगाल से धन को बहा दिया कि उसकी अर्थव्यवस्था पूरी तरह से बिखर गई। इसे धन की निकासी (प्लासी लूट) के रूप में जाना जाता है और इसने बंगाल की अर्थव्यवस्था को पूरी तरह से तहस-नहस कर दिया।
Q6: When
and between whom was the Treaty of Alinagar signed? [H.S.2016]
उत्तर। 1757 में बंगाल के नवाब सिराजुद्दौला और ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के बीच अलीनगर की संधि पर हस्ताक्षर किए गए थे।
Q7: What
is the Black Hole Tragedy?
उत्तर: कलकत्ता की ब्लैक होल त्रासदी 20 जून, 1756 को एक घटना की थी, जिसमें कई यूरोपीय कलकत्ता (अब कोलकाता) में कैद हो गए थे और कई लोग मारे गए थे।
Q8: When
and between whom was the Battle of Buxar fought?
उत्तर: 1764 में, बक्सर की लड़ाई बहादुर शाह, सिराजुद्दौला और मीर कासिम के एक भारतीय गठबंधन और दूसरी ओर अंग्रेजों के बीच लड़ी गई थी।
Q9: Who granted the Diwani to East India Company and when?
उत्तर: मुगल सम्राट शाह आलम द्वितीय ने 1765 में ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को बंगाल, बिहार और उड़ीसा की दीवानी दी थी।
उत्तर: मुगल काल से एक प्रांत (या सुभा) का प्रशासन दो भागों से बना था, अर्थात् दीवानी या नागरिक प्रशासन और फौजदारी या आपराधिक प्रशासन। दीवानी में राजस्व संग्रह के साथ-साथ दीवानी न्याय भी शामिल था।
Descriptive
Question.
Q1: Compare
the consequences of Battles of the Plassey and the Buxur.
उत्तर: प्लासी की लड़ाई बंगाल के नवाब और ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के बीच लड़ी गई थी। यह वर्ष १७५७ में लड़ा गया था। यह लड़ाई लड़ने वाले युद्ध के बजाय अधिक झड़प थी। सिराज की ओर से क्लाइव को किसी चुनौती का सामना नहीं करना पड़ा। फिर भी यह भारत में अब तक लड़ी गई सबसे महत्वपूर्ण लड़ाइयों में से एक है।
(ए) प्लासी ने अंग्रेजी सैनिकों की श्रेष्ठता की पुष्टि की और मूल निवासियों की कमजोरी को सामने लाया।
(बी) पलाशी की लड़ाई क्लाइव की एक भव्य कूटनीतिक जीत थी।
(c) इस युद्ध में जीत के बाद अंग्रेज वस्तुतः बंगाल के स्वामी बन गए। बंगाल का नवाब अंततः उनके हाथों की कठपुतली बन गया।
(d) पलाशी के बाद के काल में अंग्रेजों ने बंगाल से इतनी संपत्ति निकाल ली कि उसकी अर्थव्यवस्था पूरी तरह से चरमरा गई। बंगाल से धन के इस नाले को 'पलाशी लूट' के नाम से जाना जाता है।
(e) पलाशी के युद्ध का राजनीतिक महत्व भी कम महत्वपूर्ण नहीं है। इस प्रकार लूटी गई संपत्ति से अंग्रेजों ने न केवल व्यापार किया, बल्कि युद्ध भी किया और युद्ध भी जीते।
(च) प्रोफेसर सुशील चौधरी द्वारा यह बताया गया है कि पलाशी के बाद अंग्रेजों और मीर जाफर के बीच हस्ताक्षरित संधि का प्रावधान यह था कि अंग्रेजों के दुश्मनों के दुश्मनों को श्री जाफर द्वारा अपने दुश्मन के रूप में माना जाना था। कुंआ।
अंग्रेजों को बेदखल करने के लिए बंगाल के नवाब (मीर कासिम) ने लड़ने की तैयारी शुरू कर दी। उन्होंने ओध के नवाब शुजाउदौला और मुगल सम्राट शाह आलम द्वितीय के साथ एक महागठबंधन बनाया। 1764 में, बक्सर की लड़ाई में महागठबंधन ने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को चुनौती दी। इस लड़ाई में ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी की जीत हुई। प्लासी की लड़ाई की तुलना में बक्सर की लड़ाई और भी अधिक महत्वपूर्ण परिणामों के साथ अधिक निर्णायक थी।
(i) बक्सर के बाद, उत्तरी भारत में अंग्रेजी सत्ता अजेय हो गई।
(ii) बक्सर की लड़ाई ने वह पूरा किया जो पलाशी में शुरू हुआ था। इसने अंततः बंगाल पर कंपनी के शासन की बेड़ियों को जकड़ लिया।
(i) युद्ध में हार एक बार फिर अंग्रेजों की सैन्य श्रेष्ठता और देशी सेना की अंतर्निहित कमजोरी साबित हुई।
(ii) लड़ाई ने बंगाल के स्वतंत्र नवाब के शासन का अंत कर दिया। संयोग से, मीर कासिम को बंगाल का अंतिम स्वतंत्र नवाब माना जाता है।
(iii) इसके बाद नवाब के अंग्रेजों के विरोध का कोई सवाल ही नहीं था। बंगाल का नवाब अब से अंग्रेजों के हाथों की कठपुतली बनकर रह गया था। चूंकि उनके पास कोई स्वतंत्र शक्ति नहीं थी, इसलिए उनके अंग्रेजों के विरोध का सवाल ही नहीं उठता था।
(iv) बक्सर की लड़ाई में अंग्रेजों की जीत ने मुगल सम्राट शाह आलम द्वितीय (१७६५) द्वारा अंग्रेजी ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी को दीवानी देने का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया।
निष्कर्ष
यदि प्लासी की लड़ाई ने अंग्रेजों को बंगाल की राजनीति में एक शक्तिशाली कारक बना दिया होता, तो बक्सर की जीत ने उन्हें उत्तर भारत की एक महान शक्ति बना दिया। वे पूरे देश की सर्वोच्चता के असली दावेदार बन गए।
Urdu Version
Answer in one or two sentences
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Q1: When and by
whom was the Farman issued? |
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جواب: مغل شہنشاہ فارخ شیر نے 1717 میں ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کو بنگال میں فرمان جاری کیا تھا۔ |
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Q2: What was Farruksher Farman? |
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جواب: فرخشیر فرمان
نے بنگال میں انگریزی ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کو ٹیکس مفت تجارت کی اجازت دی،
محظ سالانہ 3000 روپے کی
ادائیگی کے۔ ساتھ ہی فرمان نے کمپنی کو (i)
کچھ دیہات کے زمینداری حقوق حاصل کرنے، (ii)
دستک جاری کرنے، (iii)
سکے جاری کرنے کا اور (iv)
کلکتہ کی گھیرا بندی کرنے کی اجازت دی۔ |
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Q3: What was Dastak? |
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1717 کے فرمان کے مطابق ایسٹ
انڈیا کمپنی کا اعلی عہدادار دستک جاری کرسکتا ہے۔ یہ دستک کمپنی کے سامان کو بغیر محصول کے ایک جگہ سے دوسری
جگہ لے جانے میں معاون ہوگا۔ |
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Q4:
When and between whom was the battle of Plassey fought? |
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1757 میں پلاشی کی جنگ بنگال کے نواب سیراج الدولہ
اور ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کے درمیان ہوا تھا۔ |
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Q5:
What do you understand by the ‘Plassey Plunder'? (Drain of Wealth) |
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جواب: پلاشی کی جنگ
کے بعد انگریزوں نے بنگال کی دولت کو غیر قانونی طریقے سے باہر لے گیؑ۔ اس سے بنگال کی معیشت مکمل طور پر بکھر گئی۔ اس
کو پلاسی کی لوٹ یا دولت کی نکاسی کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔ |
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Q6:
When and between whom was the Treaty of Alinagar signed? [H.S.2016] |
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میں بنگال کے نواب سراج الدولہ اور
ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کے مابین علی نگر کا معاہدہ
ہوا تھا |
1757 |
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Q7:
What is the Black Hole Tragedy? |
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کولکتہ کا بلیک ہول المیہ 20 جون ، 1756 کو پیش
آیا تھا ، جس میں متعدد یورپی باشندے کلکتہ (اب کلکتہ) میں قید تھے اور متعدد کی
موت ہوگئی تھی۔ |
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Q8:
When and between whom was the Battle of Buxar fought? |
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1764 میں بکسر کی جنگ ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی اور
ہندوستان کی مشترقہ فوج جوکہ بنگال کے نواب میر قاسم، اودھ کے نواب سجاوالدولہ
اور مغل شہنشاہ شاہ عالم پر مشتمل تھا، کے درمیان ہوا تھا۔ |
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Q9:
Who granted the Diwani to East India Company and when? |
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1765 میں مغل شہنشاہ شاہ عالم نے بنگال، بہار، اور اڑیسہ کی دیوانی
ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کو عطا کیا۔ |
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Q10:
What was Diwani? |
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جواب: مغلیہ دور
سے ایک صوبے کی انتظامیہ (یا سبھا) دو حصوں پر مشتمل ہے ، یعنی دیوانی یا سول انتظامیہ
اور فوجداری یا فوجداری انتظامیہ۔ دیوانی میں محصول کی وصولی کے ساتھ ساتھ سول انصاف
بھی شامل تھا۔
جواب: پلاسی کی جنگ بنگال کے نواب بنگال اور ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کے درمیان لڑی گئی۔ یہ لڑائی 1757 میں لڑی گئی تھی۔ رابرٹ کلائیو کو سراج کی طرف سے کسی خاس مزہمت کا سامنا نہیں کرنا پڑا۔ پھر بھی یہ ہندوستان میں لڑی جانے والی سب سے اہم لڑائیوں میں سے ایک ہے۔
(a) پلاسی نے انگریزی فوج کی برتری کی تصدیق کی اور مقامی راجاوں کی کمزوری کو ثابے کیا۔
(b) پلاشی کی جنگ کلائیو کی عظیم سفارتی فتح تھی۔
(c) انگریز اس جنگ میں فتح کے بعد عملی طور پر بنگال کا مالک بن گیا۔ بنگال کا نواب بالآخر ان کے ہاتھوں میں کٹھ پتلی بن گیا۔
(d) پلاشی کے بعد کے دور میں انگریزوں نے بنگال سے اتنی دولت نکالی کہ بنگال اس کی معیشت مکمل طور پر بکھر گئی۔ بنگال سے دولت کے اس نکاسی کو 'پلاشی لوٹنا' کہا جاتا ہے۔
(e) پلاشی کی لڑائی کی سیاسی اہمیت کم اہم نہیں ہے۔ اس طرح لوٹی گئی دولت سے انگریزوں نے نہ صرف کاروبار کیا بلکہ انہوں نے جنگ بھی کی اور لڑائیاں بھی جیتیں۔
(f) پروفیسر سشیل چودھری نے نشاندہی کی کہ پلاشی کے بعد انگریز اور میر جعفر کے درمیان معاہدہ طے ہوا۔ اس کے مطابق انگریزوں کے دشمنوں کے نواب میر جعفر بھی اپنا دشمن تسلیم کرینگے۔
انگریزوں کو بے دخل کرنے کے لیے بنگال کے نواب (میر قاسم) نے لڑنے کی تیاری شروع کر دی۔ اس نے اودھ کے نواب شجاع الدولہ اور مغل بادشاہ شاہ عالم دوم کے ساتھ عظیم الشان اتحاد قایم کیا۔ 1764 میں، عظیم اتحاد نے بکسر کی میدان میں ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی کا مقابلہ کیا۔ اس جنگ میں ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی نے فتوحات حاصل کیں۔ بکسر کی جنگ پلاسی کی جنگ کے مقابلے میں زیادہ فیصلہ کن ثابت ہوی۔
(i) بکسر کے بعد، شمالی ہندوستان میں انگریزی طاقت ناقابل شکشت ہو گئی۔
(ii) بکسر کی لڑائی نے پلاشی میں جو کچھ شروع کیا تھا اسے مکمل کیا۔ اس نے آخر کار بنگال پر کمپنی کی حکمرانی کا طوق باندھ لیا۔
(iii) بکسر کی جنگ میں ہندوستانی اتحاد کی شکست نے ایک بار پھر انگریزوں فوجی برتری کو ثابت کیا۔
(vi) بکسر کی جنگ نے بنگال کے آزاد نواب کی حکمرانی کا خاتمہ کیا۔ اتفاق سے میر قاسم کو بنگال کا آخری آزاد نواب سمجھا جاتا ہے۔
(v) اس جنگ کے بعد نواب کی انگریزوں سے مخالفت کا کوئی سوال نہیں تھا۔ بنگال کا نواب انگریزوں کے ہاتھوں محض کٹھ پتلی تھا۔
(vi) بکسر کی جنگ میں انگریزوں کی فتح نے مغل شہنشاہ شاہ عالم دوم کو دیوانی کا حق عطا کرنے پر مجبور کردیا(1765)۔
نتیجہ
اگر پلاسی کی جنگ نے انگریزوں کو بنگال کی سیاست میں ایک طاقتور عنصر بنا دیا تھا تو بکسر کی فتح نے انہیں شمالی ہندوستان کی ایک بڑی طاقت بنا دیا۔ وہ پورے ملک کی بالادستی کے حقیقی دعویدار بن گئے۔